Word embedding method based on pre-training still has some defects in the stability and the quality of low-frequency words. The authors propose a new word embedding method based on Hownet. First, based on the sememe independence assumption, all sememes of Hownet are specified in an Euclidean Space’s standard orthogonal basis to initialize all sememe vectors. Secondly, utilizing the relationship between word and sememe defined in the Hownet, each word vector representation can be regarded as a subspace projection by related sememes. Finally, a deep neural network model is put forward to learn word representations. The experimental results indicate that proposed word embedding method based on Hownet obtained comparable results in the two standard evaluation tasks including the word similarity computation and the word sense disambiguation.

A simple approach to estimating Gini coefficient based on Lorenz curve is proposed to solve the problem that the concentration index replacing the Gini coefficient results in deviation from imbalance measurement of spatial distributions and size distributions. In view of the scale-free distribution phenomena in the complex social and economic system, a logarithmic function of convex Lorenz curve is derived from the pure Zipf’s distribution by means of Euler’s formula for the sum of harmonic sequence. Then an approximate formula to estimate Gini coefficient can be constructed by using the parameters of the logarithmic Lorenz curve model. The formula is applied to the cities in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) region, and the Gini coefficients of 22 years are evaluated by the night lighting data. The results show that there is a significant difference between the Gini coefficient and the centralization index. A conclusion can be reached that the centralization index is applicable to the distributions with characteristic scales, while the proposed formula are suitable for the scale-free distributions. This work will help researchers to understand the scopes of application of the imbalance measurements and provide a reference for further developing the direct estimation methods of Gini coefficient.

Based on logarithmic mean weigh division index method (LMDI), empirical mode decomposition method (EMD) and variance decomposition model (VDM), the evolutive trend and fluctuation characteristics of corn production in China during 1978–2012 was analyzed. The contribution difference to corn output fluctuation during eight grain production regions was revealed. The following results were obtained. Corn output increased by 1.50×10⁸ ton from 1978 to 2012, and the corn production advantage in Huang-Huai-Hai region and Northeast Region in China was further highlighted. It was estimated that the accumulated contribution values of corn sowing area and corn yield per hectare at national scale were 0.79×10⁸ ton and 0.71×10⁸ ton respectively, and corn sowing area was the major contributor to the increment of corn output. The residual trend of corn output showed a trend of gradual increase and the grain output has 3-year periodic oscillation. During the eight grain production regions in China, Huang-Huai-Hai Region played the prominent role in the total fluctuation, following by the Northeast Region and Loess Plateau Region. The self-fluctuations in the three regions and their positively mutual affect were the main factors of China’s corn output fluctuation, including Huang-Huai-Hai Region, Northeast Region and Loess Plateau Region in China. For the high contribution ratio and drastic change, more attention should be paid to Huang-Huai-Hai Region and Northeast Region in China.

A new multi-secret sharing scheme based on homogeneous linear recursion is proposed, and then it is converted into a verifiable scheme. In the distribution phase, very few of public values are needed to publish. In the recovery phase, each participant only needs to submit a pseudo shadow instead of his secret shadow, and his secret shadow cannot be disclosed. When secrets are changed, secret shadows don?t need to be redistributed, which makes secret shadow able to be used multiple times. The proposed scheme has many advantages, for example, the secret shares can be used multiple times and the scheme publishes very few parameters as well as the reconstructed polynomial has a low degree. This makes the proposed scheme more efficient. Therefore, it better satisfies demands of various applications.

Based on the core observation and analytical data, the provenance of the Member 2 and 3 of the Upper Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in Northern Songliao Basin was estimated according to the mineral content of sedimentary rocks, planar distributing of sandstone, ZTR index of heavy mineral and mudstone color distribution. The results show that the provenance of the Member 2 and 3 of Nenjiang Formation changes with time, but the change is small. The sediments of the Member 2 of Nenjiang Formation are mainly derived from the eastern provenance, whereas the sediments of the Member 3 of the Nenjiang Formation are derived from the eastern and northeastern provenances. Such a provenancial change might be aroused by the uplift of strata in the north area. During the deposition of the Member 2 and 3 of the Nenj iang Formation, three main provenances exist in Northern Songliao Basin: the northeastern source area, the eastern one and the western one. The eastern provenance dominates the sediments of the Member 2 and 3, while the latter Member 3 is dominated by both the eastern and the northeastern provenance. And the western provenance exists during the latter Member 3, but its incidence is small.

This paper demonstrates the equivalent relation between the 2ⁿ rule of hierarchy of cities and the rank-size rule of city size distribution. According as the rank-size rule, if the largest city P₁ = 1 , then the size of the kth city by rank P_k will be 1?k. Thus city sizes can be abstracted as a harmonic sequences, {1 k}. Grouping the harmonic sequences into many classes in atop-n down way according to the 2 principle yields a hierarchy of fractions with cascade structure . In this instance , the interclass number ratio is r_f = 2. Thetotal population of the first classis 1, second class, 1 2 + 1 3 ≈0. 8333, thethird class, 1 4 + 1 5 + 1 6 + 1 7 ≈0. 7595 , and so on. If the sequence number of a classis large enough, it will have total population approaching to ln2 ≈0. 6931 in theory . By limit analysis, the mean size ratio of two immediate classes is close to r_p = 2. Accordingly, the fractal dimension of the cascade structure is D= lnr_f lnr_p →1. However, the first several classes depart fromthe scaling range to some extent theoretically. As for the empirical data, the last class always goes beyondthe scalingrange because of undergrowth of small cities andtowns. Therefore, the exponential laws andthe power laws of hierarchy of cities are al ways invalid at the extreme scales, i .e . the very large and small scales. Key words 2 n rule ; rank-size rule ; Zipf’s law; fractal ; hierarchy of cities ; cascade structure ; symmetry

The spatial interaction models (SIMs) in geography are developed by using the ideas from fractals and spatial complexity, and three pending questions are answered. Firstly, based on the supposition that the distance cost exhibits a logarithmic growth instead of a linear growth, the impedance function of Wilson's spatial interaction model is converted from a negative exponential expression into an inverse power law. The contradiction of locality to action at a distance of SIM is thus avoided through this revision. Secondly, the inverse power law based gravity model is gotten out of the dimensional dilemma with the concept of fractal dimension. Geographical gravity measure is consequently made more understandable. Thirdly, the notion from symmetry based on the nonlinear dual programming of spatial interaction is employed to reveal the essence of entropy maximizing process of human geographical systems. The relationship between entropy maximization and structural optimization is brought to light for geographical analysis. The distinction and connection between the gravity model originating from the analogy with the law of universal gravitation and Wilson's spatial interaction model is discussed, and the similarities and differences are compared between the exponential function based and the power law based SIMs.

The purpose was to revise the Chinese version of the Personal Need for Structure (PNS) Scale. The questionnaire was administered to 1042 participants. The item analysis showed that all of the 11 items met the psychometric criteria. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Chinese version of PNS containing 11 items was composed of two dimensions, which remained the same structure as the original version. These two dimensions were desire for structure and response to lack of structure. The internal consistency reliability and the split-half reliability were all above 0.80. The test-retest reliability was 0.79. The results indicated that the scale has acceptable discriminant validity and convergent validity.

A model based on nonlinear dynamics is proposed to characterize the urbanization process of China. Then a universal model of urbanization process is presented by combining the above mentioned model with the United Notions' model, which can be used to describe the United States' urbanization process. The time series data of urbanization level in China from 1949 to 2000 is employed to verify the new model, and the result is satisfying. The model bears an analogy with the Lotka-Volterra model of predator prey ecological interaction, one of the most widely discussed examples of a non linear system in two dimensions. The difference lies in that one of the parameters is zero. Extensions of such models should help us understand Holland's question: why predator prey ecological interaction exhibit strong oscillations, whereas the interactions that form a city are typically more stable.

An exclusively mathematical approach is proposed to address the scale-free property of selforganized networks of cities. Defining a spatial correlation function based on the triangular lattice model of cities stemming from central place networks, a scaling relationship is established between yardstick (r) and city-city correlation density (C(r)) such as C(r)∝r^D, where D is the scaling factor. The scaling factor is in fact the spatial correlation dimension if only 1≤D≤2. A self-organized network of cities is regarded as scale-free system provided there exists a linear range on the logr-logC(r) plot. The Henan cities of China are taken as an example to show how to fit the observed data to the correlation function for calculating the scaling factor, and to illustrate the process of spatial complication of urban evolution. The results indicate that urban systems and the traffic networks based on urban systems are scale-free networks, and the network of cities can be characterized with the power-law of yardstick and correlation density relation.

A Cobb-Douglas-function-type model on cities as systems is derived from general expressions on urban dynamic systems, y=kf_i(x₁, x₂,..., x_n), the model can be named C-D function of cities and written as y=μ∏x_ii^σ_i,where x_i(i=1, 2,..., n) represents some kind of measure on cities, y is output in some sense, k and μ both proportionality coefficients. Throught the allometric relationship between two elements of cities, x_i～x_j^α_ij, the C-D function can be transformed into the two-variable expression, y=η(x_i^b_i) (x_j^b_j). A number of equations of fractal dimension are deduced out such as α_ij=D_i/D_j=σ_j/σ_i=b_j/b_i, σ_iD_i=σ_jD_j. It is proved that the equation. σ_i/(w_ix_i)=σ_j/(w_jx_j), should be met in order to optimize urban structure and function. Taking the city of Zhengzhou as example, the models presented and advanced are verified and vindicated.

Urban hierarchy as a result of some fractal recursion is generalized to the binomia l multiplicative process and accordingly city-size distributions can be describ ed by multifractal measures. Based on the generalized Beckmann-Davis model advan ced by the authors P_m=P₁r_p^1-m，f_m=f_1f^m-1，where r_f=f_m+1/f_m denotes number ratio of cities in the mth and (m+1)th level of central-place hierarchies, the spectrum of fractal dimensions D_q as a function of the moment order q of city class-size relationships is expressed asD_q=p^q+(1-p)^q］/［(1-q)lnr_f］,where p=P(2)/［P(2)+P(3)］,(P(2) is the population of rank 2,etc.), thus the mass exponent can be given by the formula, τ(q)=(1-q)D_q. By means of the Legendre transformation, the Lipschitz-Holder exponent α(q) for the mass can be derived as α(q)=［p^qlnp+(1-p)^qln(1-p)］/{［p^q+(1-p)^q］ln(1/r^f)}, correspondingly, the fractal dimension of the set supporting this exponent will yield through the equation f(α)=qα(q)+τ(q). An empirical analysis is made with the population data of the US cities to verify the theory and models developed in this paper, which will contribute to reconcile the apparent difference between the hierarchical step-like frequency distribution of city sizes suggested by central place theory and the smooth curve reflected by the work on the rank-size rule.

The model of allometric growth relationships between urban area and population, A=aP^b, can be rewrited as A(t)=a₁P(t)^b1 for cities as systems, or as A(k)=a₂P(k)^b2for systems of cities, where A is the land area, P is the population size, a is the proportionality coefficient, b is the scaling factor, t is the time (year), and k is the rank of city k. It was proved that the parameter b has fractal dimension nature and can be expressed as b=D_a/D_p, where D_a is the generalized dimension of urban area,and D_p，the dimension of urban population. With fractal theory related the hierarchical structure of urban systems and the dynamics of urbanization can be analysed. On the other hand，by defining A_s=∑A(k)，P_s=∑P(k), it is easy to have a new model A_s(t)=a₃P_s(t)^b3, so once obtaining RS data of A(k), the value of P_s in year t can be calculated. Going a step further, it is possible to analyse cities and systems of cities and predict the course of regional urbanization by means of integrating the allometric growth models and the RS data into geographical information systems. Allometric analyses of the urban system of Henan, China, are made as examples to show how to use the models advanced in the paper.

The study is made of the spatial structure of the systems of cities and towns in Central Plains, mainly including North Henan, China, using the theory of multifractals. By means of the box counting method and μ-weight formulae, we calculate the values of the Lipschitz-Hölder exponent α(q), the fractal dimension of the support of singularities f(α), the sequence of mass exponent τ(q), and the dimensions of fractal measures D_q of the urban systems in the studied area. The resultant values show that there is a scaling breakdown in the f(α) curve as well as the spectrum of fractal dimensions D_q when the moment order q≈-1, where q_c=-1 perhaps is a critical value for q, i.e., the multifractals come on well when q∈[0, ∞], as for q≤-1, the multifractal measures are abnormal (dysplasia or hypolasia): the f(α) curve and the D_q function cannot converge, which maybe implies a sort of phase transition from a rural to urban settlement system during the course of regional urbanization. This research demonstrates that the spatial structure of urban systems can be characterized with multifractal geometry, and moreover, wavelet transformation can be used to analyse the multifractal structure of urban systems.

The interaction between artemisinin and hemin was investigated by electrochemical methods. Artemisinin was irreversibly reduced at -1.08V via a two-electron transfer at the glassy carbon electrode. In the presence of concentration of hemin as low as 4.0×10^-8mol/L, artemisinin can be reduced via the hemin-catalysis and its original cathodic peak at -1.08V completely disappeared. The cathodic overpotential of artemisinin is decreased ca.600mV. This process is verified by the fact that complex EDTA-Fe(Ⅲ) can also promote the artemisinin reduction with decreasing the cathodic overpotential of artemisinin for 590mV. These results show that the reduction of artemisinin at the glassy carbon electrode is a catalytic process with the aids of hemin. Hemin can greatly decrease the cathodic activation energy of the reduction of artemisinin and promote the decomposition of artemisinin.